Extracellular Vesicles as "Very Important Particles" (VIPs) in Aging.

In recent decades, extracellular vesicles have been recognized as "very important particles" (VIPs) associated with aging and age-related disease. During the 1980s, researchers discovered that these vesicle particles released by cells were not debris but signaling molecules carrying cargoes that play key roles in physiological processes and physiopathological modulation. Following the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) recommendation, different vesicle particles (e.g., exosomes, microvesicles, oncosomes) have been named globally extracellular vesicles. These vesicles are essential to maintain body homeostasis owing to their essential and evolutionarily conserved role in cellular communication and interaction with different tissues. Furthermore, recent studies have shown the role of extracellular vesicles in aging and age-associated diseases. This review summarizes the advances in the study of extracellular vesicles, mainly focusing on recently refined methods for their isolation and characterization. In addition, the role of extracellular vesicles in cell signaling and maintenance of homeostasis, as well as their usefulness as new biomarkers and therapeutic agents in aging and age-associated diseases, has also been highlighted.

Characterisation of circulating endothelial microparticles in Behçet's disease: new markers of chronic endothelial damage?

OBJECTIVES: Endothelial cell-derived microparticles (EMPs) are directly indicative of endothelial cell activation or apoptosis, and may also reflect endothelial inflammation, increased coagulation, and vascular tone. The aim of this study is to investigate whether EMPs would be able to evaluate system involvement and be a new indicators of disease activity in Behçet's disease (BD). METHODS: Thirty-nine consecutive BD patients (who fulfilled the modified 1990 International Study Group on Behçet's disease or the 2006 International Criteria for Behçet's Disease) and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. The plasma levels of EMPs were measured by flow cytometry utilising specific labels for endothelial MPs (CD31+ and CD42b-). RESULTS: The levels of circulating EMPs (CD31+ and CD42b-) were significantly elevated in the case group compared with the healthy control group (p =0.000). Moreover, BD patients plasma EMPs were positively correlated with BD current activity form (r=0.802, p =0.000). Vascular and gastrointestinal involvement in BD patients were significantly increased (p=0.004 and p=0.011, respectively) with respect to patients without vascular and gastrointestinal EMPs. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of circulating EMPs are elevated in BD patients and correlate with the disease activity; the elevated EMPs may be a potential indicator to predict disease activity of BD. The plasma level of EMPs was increased, which indicated the increased risk of vascular and digestive tract involvement in BD.

Tailoring matter orbitals mediated using a nanoscale topographic interface for versatile colloidal current devices.

Conventional micro-particle manipulation technologies have been used for various biomedical applications using dynamics on a plane without vertical movement. In this case, irregular topographic structures on surfaces could be a factor that causes the failure of the intended control. Here, we demonstrated a novel colloidal particle manipulation mediated by the topographic effect generated by the "micro hill" and "surface gradient" around a micro-magnet. The magnetic landscape, matter orbital, created by periodically arranged circular micro-magnets, induces a symmetric orbit of magnetic particle flow under a rotating magnetic field. The topographic effect can break this symmetry of the energy distribution by controlling the distance between the source of the driving force and target particles by several nanometers on the surface morphology. The origin symmetric orbit of colloidal flow can be distorted by modifying the symmetry in the energy landscape at the switching point without changing the driving force. The enhancement of the magnetic effect of the micro-magnet array can lead to the recovery of the symmetry of the orbit. Also, this effect on the surfaces of on-chip-based devices configured by symmetry control was demonstrated for selective manipulation, trapping, recovery, and altering the direction using a time-dependent magnetic field. Hence, the developed technique could be used in various precise lab-on-a-chip applications, including where the topographic effect is required as an additional variable without affecting the existing control method.

Cellular and Molecular Nature of Fragmentation of Human Embryos.

Embryo fragmentation represents a phenomenon generally characterized by the presence of membrane-bound extracellular cytoplasm into the perivitelline space. Recent evidence supports the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of embryo fragments. In this narrative review, we described the different embryo fragment-like cellular structures in their morphology, molecular content, and supposed function and have reported the proposed theories on their origin over the years. We identified articles related to characterization of embryo fragmentation with a specific literature search string. The occurrence of embryo fragmentation has been related to various mechanisms, of which the most studied are apoptotic cell death, membrane compartmentalization of altered DNA, cytoskeletal disorders, and vesicle formation. These phenomena are thought to result in the extrusion of entire blastomeres, release of apoptotic bodies and other vesicles, and micronuclei formation. Different patterns of fragmentation may have different etiologies and effects on embryo competence. Removal of fragments from the embryo before embryo transfer with the aim to improve implantation potential should be reconsidered on the basis of the present observations.

Wnt/ß-Catenin Participates in the Repair of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome-Associated Early Pulmonary Fibrosis via Mesenchymal Stem Cell Microvesicles.

PURPOSE: The main aim of the present study was to establish whether mesenchymal stem cell microvesicles (MSC MVs) exert anti-fibrotic effects and investigate the mechanisms underlying these effects in a mouse model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-associated early pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS: An ARDS-associated pulmonary fibrosis model was established in mice by an intratracheal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At 1, 3, and 7 days after LPS-mediated injury, the lungs of mice treated with MSC MVs and untreated controls were carefully excised and fibrosis was assessed based on the extent of collagen deposition. In addition, the development of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was evaluated based on loss of E-cadherin and zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) along with the acquisition of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and N-cadherin. Nuclear translocation and ß-catenin expression analyses were also used to evaluate activation of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. RESULTS: Blue-stained collagen fibers were evident as early as 7 days after LPS injection. Treatment with MSC MVs suppressed pathological progression to a significant extent. MSC MVs markedly reversed the upregulation of N-cadherin and α-SMA and attenuated the downregulation of E-cadherin and ZO-1. The expression and nuclear translocation of ß-catenin were clearly decreased on day 7 after MSC MV treatment. CONCLUSION: Analyses indicated that MSC MVs could ameliorate ARDS-associated early pulmonary fibrosis via the suppression of EMT and might be related to Wnt/ß-catenin transition signaling.

Protective effects of endothelial progenitor cell microvesicles on Ang II­induced rat kidney cell injury.

Chronic hypertension can lead to kidney damage, known as hypertensive nephropathy or hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms via which hypertensive nephropathy develops is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. The present study investigated the mechanisms by which endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) repair primary rat kidney cells (PRKs). ELISA, Cell Counting Kit­8 and flow cytometry assays were used to analyze the effects of EPCs or EPC­MVs on the oxidative stress, inflammation, cell proliferation, apoptosis and cycle of PRKs induced by AngII. A PRK injury model was established using angiotensin II (Ang II). After Ang II induction, PRK proliferation was decreased, apoptosis was increased and the cell cycle was blocked at the G1 phase before entering the S phase. It was found that the levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde were increased, while the levels of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were decreased. Moreover, the levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL­1ß, IL­6 and TNF­α were significantly increased. Thus, Ang II damaged PRKs by stimulating oxidative stress and promoting the inflammatory response. However, when PRKs were co­cultured with EPCs, the damage induced by Ang II was significantly reduced. The current study collected the microvesicles (MVs) secreted by EPCs and co­cultured them with Ang II­induced PRKs, and identified that EPC­MVs retained their protective effect on PRKs. In conclusion, EPCs protect PRKs from Ang II­induced damage via secreted MVs.

Lifestyle Influences Changes in Fibrin Clot Properties Over a 10-Year Period on a Population Level.

Case-control and observational studies have provided a plausible mechanistic link between clot structure and thrombosis. We aimed to identify lifestyle, demographic, biochemical, and genetic factors that influence changes in total fibrinogen concentration and clot properties over a 10-year period in 2,010 black South Africans. Clot properties were assessed with turbidimetry and included lag time, slope, maximum absorbance, and clot lysis time. Linear mixed models with restricted maximum likelihood were used to determine whether (1) outcome variables changed over the 10-year period; (2) demographic and lifestyle variables, biochemical variables, and fibrinogen single-nucleotide polymorphisms influenced the change in outcome variables over the 10-year period; and (3) there was an interaction between the exposures and time in predicting the outcomes. A procoagulant risk score was furthermore created, and multinomial logistic regression was used to determine the exposures that were associated with the different risk score categories. In this population setting, female gender, obesity, poor glycemic control, increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol contributed to the enhanced progression to prothrombotic clot properties with increasing age. Alcohol consumption on the other hand, offered a protective effect. The above evidence suggest that the appropriate lifestyle changes can improve fibrin clot properties on a population level, decreasing cardiovascular disease risk and thus alleviate the strain on the medical health care system.

Iron-Driven Alterations on Red Blood Cell-Derived Microvesicles Amplify Coagulation during Hemolysis via the Intrinsic Tenase Complex.

Hemolytic disorders characterized by complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, are often complicated by life-threatening thromboembolic complications. Severe hemolytic episodes result in the release of red blood cell (RBC)-derived proinflammatory and oxidatively reactive mediators (e.g., extracellular hemoglobin, heme, and iron) into plasma. Here, we studied the role of these hemolytic mediators in coagulation activation by measuring factor Xa (FXa) and thrombin generation in the presence of RBC lysates. Our results show that hemolytic microvesicles (HMVs) formed during hemolysis stimulate thrombin generation through a mechanism involving FVIII and FIX, the so-called intrinsic tenase complex. Iron scavenging during hemolysis using deferoxamine decreased the ability of the HMVs to enhance thrombin generation. Furthermore, the addition of ferric chloride (FeCl3) to plasma propagated thrombin generation in a FVIII- and FIX-dependent manner suggesting that iron positively affects blood coagulation. Phosphatidylserine (PS) blockade using lactadherin and iron chelation using deferoxamine reduced intrinsic tenase activity in a purified system containing HMVs as source of phospholipids confirming that both PS and iron ions contribute to the procoagulant effect of the HMVs. Finally, the effects of FeCl3 and HMVs decreased in the presence of ascorbate and glutathione indicating that oxidative stress plays a role in hypercoagulability. Overall, our results provide evidence for the contribution of iron ions derived from hemolytic RBCs to thrombin generation. These findings add to our understanding of the pathogenesis of thrombosis in hemolytic diseases.

Recent Insights into Human Endometrial Peptidases in Blastocyst Implantation via Shedding of Microvesicles.

Blastocyst implantation involves multiple interactions with numerous molecules expressed in endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) during the implantation window; however, there is limited information regarding the molecular mechanism underlying the crosstalk. In blastocysts, fibronectin plays a major role in the adhesion of various types of cells by binding to extracellular matrix proteins via the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif. In EECs, RGD-recognizing integrins are important bridging receptors for fibronectin, whereas the non-RGD binding of fibronectin includes interactions with dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV)/cluster of differentiation (CD) 26. Fibronectin may also bind to aminopeptidase N (APN)/CD13, and in the endometrium, these peptidases are present in plasma membranes and lysosomal membranes. Blastocyst implantation is accompanied by lysosome exocytosis, which transports various peptidases and nutrients into the endometrial cavity to facilitate blastocyst implantation. Both DPPIV and APN are released into the uterine cavity via shedding of microvesicles (MVs) from EECs. Recently, extracellular vesicles derived from endometrial cells have been proposed to act on trophectoderm cells to promote implantation. MVs are also secreted from embryonal stem cells and may play an active role in implantation. Thus, crosstalk between the blastocyst and endometrium via extracellular vesicles is a new insight into the fundamental molecular basis of blastocyst implantation.

Restoration of aged hematopoietic cells by their young counterparts through instructive microvesicles release.

This study addresses the potential to reverse age-associated morbidity by establishing methods to restore the aged hematopoietic system. Parabiotic animal models indicated that young secretome could restore aged tissues, leading us to establish a heterochronic transwell system with aged mobilized peripheral blood (MPB), co-cultured with young MPB or umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells. Functional studies and omics approaches indicate that the miRNA cargo of microvesicles (MVs) restores the aged hematopoietic system. The in vitro findings were validated in immune deficient (NSG) mice carrying an aged hematopoietic system, improving aged hallmarks such as increased lymphoid:myeloid ratio, decreased inflammation and cellular senescence. Elevated MYC and E2F pathways, and decreased p53 were key to hematopoietic restoration. These processes require four restorative miRs that target the genes for transcription/differentiation, namely PAX and phosphatase PPMIF. These miRs when introduced in aged cells were sufficient to restore the aged hematopoietic system in NSG mice. The aged MPBs were the drivers of their own restoration, as evidenced by the changes from distinct baseline miR profiles in MPBs and UCB to comparable expressions after exposure to aged MPBs. Restorative natural killer cells eliminated dormant breast cancer cells in vivo, indicating the broad relevance of this cellular paradigm - preventing and reversing age-associated disorders such as clearance of early malignancies and enhanced responses to vaccine and infection.

Helium Conditioning Increases Cardiac Fibroblast Migration Which Effect Is Not Propagated via Soluble Factors or Extracellular Vesicles.

Helium inhalation induces cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury, the cellular mechanism of which remains not fully elucidated. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived, nano-sized membrane vesicles which play a role in cardioprotective mechanisms, but their function in helium conditioning (HeC) has not been studied so far. We hypothesized that HeC induces fibroblast-mediated cardioprotection via EVs. We isolated neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (NRCFs) and exposed them to glucose deprivation and HeC rendered by four cycles of 95% helium + 5% CO2 for 1 h, followed by 1 h under normoxic condition. After 40 h of HeC, NRCF activation was analyzed with a Western blot (WB) and migration assay. From the cell supernatant, medium extracellular vesicles (mEVs) were isolated with differential centrifugation and analyzed with WB and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The supernatant from HeC-treated NRCFs was transferred to naïve NRCFs or immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC-TERT2), and a migration and angiogenesis assay was performed. We found that HeC accelerated the migration of NRCFs and did not increase the expression of fibroblast activation markers. HeC tended to decrease mEV secretion of NRCFs, but the supernatant of HeC or the control NRCFs did not accelerate the migration of naïve NRCFs or affect the angiogenic potential of HUVEC-TERT2. In conclusion, HeC may contribute to cardioprotection by increasing fibroblast migration but not by releasing protective mEVs or soluble factors from cardiac fibroblasts.

Placental extracellular vesicles retain biological activity after short-term storage (14 days) at 4 °C or room temperature.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate the role of placental extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially in pathological pregnancy, the use of freshly isolated EVs is often limited due to the sporadic and unpredictable availability of placental samples. Therefore, it is important to understand and use optimised storage conditions for placental EVs. In this study, we investigated different conditions for the short-term storage of placental micro- and nano-EVs and examined their biological activity. METHODS: Placental EVs were collected from first trimester placentae. EVs were suspended in PBS and aliquoted, and then stored for up to 14 days at room temperature, 4 °C or -20 °C. Total protein and DNA levels were measured at various time points. The ability of stored placental EVs to alter endothelial cell activation was quantified by monocyte adhesion assays. RESULTS: There was no difference in the concentration of placental micro- or nano-EVs between each time point, when stored at either room temperature or 4 °C. However, there was a significant loss of placental EVs after storage at -20 °C. There was no difference in protein or DNA levels of placental EVs when stored at either room temperature or 4 °C. Biological activity of placental EVs was retained for up to 14 days at either room temperature or 4 °C measured by monocyte adhesion assays. DISCUSSION: We have shown that placental micro- and nano-EVs are stable and retain biological activities following storage in PBS or media for 14 days at either room temperature or 4 °C.

Tumor-derived microparticles promote the progression of triple-negative breast cancer via PD-L1-associated immune suppression.

Membrane vesicles, including exosomes and microparticles (MPs), serve to package and transfer the cellular cargo during inter/extracellular communication, which is of great interest in cancer development, especially in the dissemination of signal transduction-associated traits from donor cells to recipient cells. Although increasing evidence suggests that microparticles (MPs) contribute to the development of cancer, their unique characteristics remain to be exploited. Here, we examined the secretion of MPs in tumor tissues from triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients and found that the tumor cells could release MPs loaded with immune checkpoint molecular programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), especially in patients treated with traditional clinical interventions, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These PD-L1-loading MPs contribute to the suppressive immune microenvironment, eventually resulting in the tumor progression in TNBC. Mechanically, we proved that PD-L1-loading MPs could suppress the activation and function of functional cluster of differentiation CD8+ T cells. Meanwhile, the PD-L1-loading MPs could mediate the differentiation of macrophages toward the immune-suppressive M2 phenotype via the activation of the TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) signal and suppression of the serine-threonine kinase (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal. Given the increasing MP production induced by traditional clinical interventions, we further combined chemotherapy with the PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab (ATZ) to efficiently abrogate the immunosuppression caused by the PD-L1-loading MPs. Therefore, our study unveils the mechanism by which tumor cells systemically evade immune surveillance by releasing the PD-L1-loading MPs, and provides new insights into clinical TNBC immunotherapy.

Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Their Derived Microvesicles Ameliorate Detrusor Overactivity Secondary to Bilateral Partial Iliac Arterial Occlusion-Induced Bladder Ischemia.

(1) Background: We established a new bladder ischemia rat model through bilateral partial iliac arterial occlusion (BPAO) and investigated the therapeutic effect of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and ADSC-derived microvesicles (MVs); (2) Methods: The study included four groups: (1) sham, (2) BPAO, (3) BPAO + ADSCs, and (4) BPAO + ADSC-derived MVs. Female Wistar rats with BPAO were injected with ADSCs or ADSC-derived MVs through the femoral artery. Doppler flowmetry and real-time laser speckle contrast imaging were performed to quantify blood flow in the common iliac arteries and bladder microcirculation. A 24-h behavior study and transcystometrogram were conducted after 2 weeks. Bladder histology, immunostaining, and lipid peroxidation assay were performed. The expressions of P2X2, P2X3, M2, and M3 receptors and nerve growth factor (NGF) were evaluated; (3) Results: BPAO significantly reduced bladder microcirculation, intercontraction interval (ICI), and bladder volume and increased the amplitude of nonvoiding contraction, neutrophil infiltration, and malondialdehyde and NGF levels. ADSCs and ADSC-derived MVs significantly ameliorated these effects. The results of Western blot showed that the BPAO group exhibited the highest expression of M3 and P2X2 receptors. ADSCs significantly attenuated the expressions of M2 and P2X2 receptors. ADSC-derived MVs significantly attenuated the expressions of M3 and P2X2 receptors; (4) Conclusions: ADSCs and ADSC-derived MVs ameliorated the adverse effects of BPAO including bladder overactivity, bladder ischemia, and oxidative stress. Inflammation, muscarinic signaling, purinergic signaling, and NGF might be involved in the therapeutic mechanism.

Platelet Microparticles Decrease Daunorubicin-Induced DNA Damage and Modulate Intrinsic Apoptosis in THP-1 Cells.

Platelets can modulate cancer through budding of platelet microparticles (PMPs) that can transfer a plethora of bioactive molecules to cancer cells upon internalization. In acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) this can induce chemoresistance, partially through a decrease in cell activity. Here we investigated if the internalization of PMPs protected the monocytic AML cell line, THP-1, from apoptosis by decreasing the initial cellular damage inflicted by treatment with daunorubicin, or via direct modulation of the apoptotic response. We examined whether PMPs could protect against apoptosis after treatment with a selection of inducers, primarily associated with either the intrinsic or the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, and protection was restricted to the agents targeting intrinsic apoptosis. Furthermore, levels of daunorubicin-induced DNA damage, assessed by measuring gH2AX, were reduced in both 2N and 4N cells after PMP co-incubation. Measuring different BCL2-family proteins before and after treatment with daunorubicin revealed that PMPs downregulated the pro-apoptotic PUMA protein. Thus, our findings indicated that PMPs may protect AML cells against apoptosis by reducing DNA damage both dependent and independent of cell cycle phase, and via direct modulation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by downregulating PUMA. These findings further support the clinical relevance of platelets and PMPs in AML.

In Vitro Impact of Pro-Senescent Endothelial Microvesicles on Isolated Pancreatic Rat Islets Function.

BACKGROUND: Ischemia-driven islet isolation procedure is one of the limiting causes of pancreatic islet transplantation. Ischemia-reperfusion process is associated with endothelium dysfunction and the release of pro-senescent microvesicles. We investigated whether pro-senescent endothelial microvesicles prompt islet senescence and dysfunction in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pancreatic islets were isolated from male young rats. Replicative endothelial senescence was induced by serial passaging of primary porcine coronary artery endothelial cells, and microvesicles were isolated either from young passage 1 (P1) or senescent passage 3 (P3) endothelial cells. Islet viability was assessed by fluorescence microscopy, apoptosis by flow cytometry, and Western blot. Function was assessed by insulin secretion and islet senescence markers p53, p21, and p16 by Western blot. Microvesicles were stained by the PKH26 lipid fluorescent probe and their islet integration assessed by microscopy and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Regardless of the passage, half microvesicles were integrated in target islets after 24 hours incubation. Insulin secretion significantly decreased after treatment by senescent microvesicles (P3: 1.7 ± 0.2 vs untreated islet: 2.7 ± 0.2, P < .05) without altering the islet viability (89.47% ± 1.69 vs 93.15% ± 0.97) and with no significant apoptosis. Senescent microvesicles significantly doubled the expression of p53, p21, and p16 (P < .05), whereas young microvesicles had no significant effect. CONCLUSION: Pro-senescent endothelial microvesicles specifically accelerate the senescence of islets and alter their function. These data suggest that islet isolation contributes to endothelial driven islet senescence.

Phosphatidylserine-exposing tumor-derived microparticles exacerbate coagulation and cancer cell transendothelial migration in triple-negative breast cancer.

Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is relevant to the formation of thromboembolism and secondary neoplasms in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Chemotherapy-induced breast cancer cell-derived microparticles (BCMPs) may have important thrombogenic and pro-metastatic effects on platelets and endothelium, which may be related to the expression and distribution of phosphatidylserine (PS). However, investigating these interactions is challenging due to technical limitations. Methods: A study was conducted in 20 healthy individuals and 18 patients who had been recently diagnosed with TNBC and were undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. BCMPs were isolated from patient blood samples and doxorubicin-treated breast cancer cell lines. Their structure and morphology were studied by electron microscopy and antigen levels were measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. In an inhibition assay, isolated BCMPs were pretreated with lactadherin or tissue factor antibodies. Platelets isolated from healthy subjects were treated with BCMPs and coagulation time, fibrin formation, and expression of intrinsic/extrinsic factor Xase (FXa) and thrombin were evaluated. The effects of BCMPs on endothelial thrombogenicity and integrity were assessed by confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, measurement of intrinsic/extrinsic FXa, prothrombinase assay, and transwell permeability assay. Results: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy significantly increased the expression of PS+ BCMPs in patient plasma. Its expression was associated with a rapid increase in procoagulant activity. Treatment with lactadherin, a PS-binding scavenging molecule, markedly reduced the adhesion of BCMPs and abolished their procoagulant activity, but this was not observed with tissue factor antibody treatment. Intravenous injection of BCMPs in mice induced a significant hypercoagulable state, reducing the extent of plasma fibrinogen and promoting the appearance of new thrombus. Cancer cells incubated with doxorubicin released large numbers of PS+ BCMPs, which stimulated and transformed endothelial cells into a procoagulant phenotype and increased the aggregation and activation of platelets. Moreover, cancer cells exploited this BCMP-induced endothelial leakiness and showed promoted metastasis. Pretreatment with lactadherin increased uptake of both PS+ BCMPs and cancer cells by endothelial cells and limited the transendothelial migration of cancer cells. Conclusion: Lactadherin, a biosensor that we developed, was used to study the extracellular vesicle distribution of PS, which revealed a novel PS+ BCMPs administrative axis that initiated a local coagulation cascade and facilitated metastatic colonization of circulating cancer cells.

Role of Microparticles in Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Endothelial Dysfunction, Thrombosis, and Inflammation.

[Figure: see text].

Microvesicles derived from human umbilical cord mesenchyme promote M2 macrophage polarization and ameliorate renal fibrosis following partial nephrectomy via hepatocyte growth factor.

The intraoperative ischemia in partial nephrectomy (PN) often leads to postoperative renal function impairment and fibrosis, which can be regulated by macrophage polarization. We have previously demonstrated that microvesicles derived from human Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stromal cells (hWJMSC-MVs) attenuated renal ischemia-induced renal fibrosis and contained a substantial quantity of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Herein, we investigated whether MSC-MVs regulate macrophage polarization and ameliorate renal fibrosis following ischemia-PN via transferring HGF. A rat model of ischemia-PN was established by 45 min of left renal ischemia followed by removal of 1/3 upper left kidney. MSC-MVs were injected through the tail vein immediately after ischemia. Renal injury biomarkers were measured and histologic analysis was performed to analyze renal injury. A co-culture model of THP-1 macrophages and MSC-MVs was utilized. The expression of M1 markers and M2 markers were determined to evaluate macrophage polarization. MSC-MV administration significantly ameliorated renal inflammation, lesions, and fibrosis in ischemia-PN rats, and promoted M2 macrophage polarization both in rat remnant renal tissues and LPS-treated THP-1 cells. These effects of MSC-MVs were compromised when HGF expression was downregulated in MSC-MVs. Collectively, MSC-MVs promote M2 macrophage polarization and attenuate renal fibrosis following ischemia-PN via transferring HGF.

The Effects of the Combined Argatroban/Nitric Oxide-Releasing Polymer on Platelet Microparticle-Induced Thrombogenicity in Coated Extracorporeal Circuits.

Clotting, anticoagulation, platelet consumption, and poor platelet function are major factors in clinical extracorporeal circulation (ECC). We have shown that nitric oxide-releasing (NOReL) coatings prevent thrombosis in a rabbit model of ECC without systemic anticoagulation. Nitric oxide-releasing prevents platelet adhesion and activation, resulting in preserved platelet count and function. Previous work has shown that activated platelets form platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs). These experiments were designed to determine if PMPs can identify platelet function during ECC. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of NOReL on platelet activation and PMP formation during ECC. Uncoated ECCs, including with and without systemic heparin, and NOReL-coated ECCs, including DBHD/N2O2 and argatroban (AG)/DBHD/N2O2-coated ECCs without systemic heparin, were tested in a 4-hour rabbit thrombogenicity model. Before and after ECC exposure, platelets were stimulated with collagen, and PMPs were measured using flow cytometry. The uncoated ECCs clotted within the first hour, while the NOReL-coated ECCs circulated for 4 hours. During pre-ECC blood exposure, platelets stimulated with collagen produced PMPs. With post-ECC exposure, platelets from uncoated circuits generated less PMPs than baseline (mean ± SDs: 23246 ± 3611 baseline vs. 1300 ± 523 uncoated post circuit, p = 0.018) when stimulated with collagen. However, platelets from the AG/DBHD/N2O2-coated ECCs generated a greater number of PMPs as baseline values (23246 ± 3611 baseline vs. 37040 ± 3263 AG/DBHD/N2O2 post 4 hours circuit, p = 0.023). Blood exposure during ECC results in platelet activation and clotting in uncoated ECCs. The remaining circulating platelets have lost function, as demonstrated by the low PMP formation in response to collagen. AG/DBHD/N2O2-coated ECCs prevented significant platelet activation and clotting, while DBHD/N2O2 trended towards prevention of platelet activation. In addition, function of the circulating platelets was preserved, as demonstrated by PMP formation in response to collagen. These results indicate that PMPs may be an important measure of platelet activation during ECC. Platelet-derived microparticles may provide a simplified way to measure platelet function during clinical ECC.